PA Anatomy: Chest: Case 3

There are three very faint artificial objects projected over the heart. They are artificial valves (valve replacements) that do not have metal parts, so they are hard to see. Try to determine which valves have been replaced based on their position.

The projection for this study is a LATERAL view. The red indicates a sternal wire, used to close a surgical incision through the sternum (used to access the heart). The green indicates a pacer wire that was placed into the surface of the heart at the time of surgery, later cut off at the skin.